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物聯網
物聯網 (Internet of Things,IoT)是一個基於網際網路、傳統電信網等訊息承載體,讓所有能夠被獨立定址的普通物理對象實現互聯互通的網路。物聯網一般為無線網,而由於每個人周圍的設備可以達到一千至五千個,所以物聯網可能要包含500兆至一千兆個物體。在物聯網上,每個人都可以應用電子標籤將真實的物體上網聯結,在物聯網上都可以查找出它們的具體位置。通過物聯網可以用中心計算機對機器、設備、人員進行集中管理、控制,也可以對家庭設備、汽車進行遙控,以及搜尋位置、防止物品被盜等。 物聯網將現實世界數位化,應用範圍十分廣泛。物聯網的應用領域主要包括以下幾個方面:運輸和物流領域、健康醫療領域、智慧環境(家庭、辦公、工廠)領域、個人和社會領域等,具有十分廣闊的市場和應用前景。 |
物聯網 定義
Ashton最初的定義是: 「就是當今的電腦以及網際網路幾乎完全依賴於人類來提供訊息。網際網路上大約有50 petabytes (一個petabyte為1,024 terabytes) 的數據,其中大部分最初由人來獲取和創建的,通過打字、錄音、照相或掃描條碼等方式。傳統的網際網路藍圖中忽略了為數最多並且最重要的節點——人。 而問題是,人的時間、精力和準確度都是有限的,他們並不適於從真實世界中截獲訊息。這是一個大問題。我們生活於一個物質世界中,我們不能把虛擬的訊息當做糧食吃,也不能當做柴火來燒。想法和訊息很重要,但物質世界是更本質的。當今的訊息技術如此依賴於人產生的訊息,以至於我們的電腦更了解思想而不是物質。如果電腦能不藉助我們的幫助,就獲知物質世界中各種可以被獲取的訊息,我們將能夠跟蹤和計量那些物質,極大地減少浪費、損失和消耗。我們將知曉物品何時需要更換、維修或召回,他們是新的還是過了有效期。物聯網有改變世界的潛能,就像網際網路一樣,甚至更多。」 起源 比爾·蓋茨(Bill Gates)在1995年出版的《未來之路》一書中提及物物互聯。1998年麻省理工學院提出了當時被稱作EPC系統的物聯網構想。1999年,在物品編碼(RFID)技術的基礎上Auto-ID公司提出了物聯網的概念。2005年11月17日,訊息世界峰會上,國際電信聯盟發布了《ITU網際網路報告2005:物聯網》,其中指出「物聯網」時代的來臨。 相關技術 地址資源 物聯網的實現需要給每個物體分配唯一的標識或地址。最早的可定址性想法是基於RFID標籤和電子產品唯一編碼來實現的。 另一個來自語義網的想法是,用現有的命名協議,如統一資源標誌符來訪問所有物品(不僅限於電子產品,智能設備和帶有RFID標籤的物品)。這些物品本身不能交談,但通過這種方式它們可以被其他節點訪問,例如一個強大的中央伺服器。 下一代網際網路將使用IPv6協議,它擁有極大數量的地址資源,使用IPv6的程序能夠和幾乎所有接入設備進行通信。這個系統將能夠識別任何一種物品 GS1/EPCglobal EPC Information Services (EPCIS) 是這些想法的一個綜合實踐。 這個系統被用來標識從太空、交通到消費電子領域的物品 人工智慧 (Artificial Intelligence) 環境智能和自主控制並不是物聯網最初概念的一部分。環境智能和自主控制也並不依賴於網路架構。但目前的研究趨勢是將自主控制和物聯網結合在一起[7] 在未來物聯網可能是一個非決定性的、開放的網路,其中自組織的或智能的實體和虛擬物品能夠和環境交互並基於它們各自的目的自主運行。 嵌入式智能是一種基於人工智慧視角對物聯網的解釋,可以被粗略定義為:藉助於廣泛部署的智能設備來取得關於人類、環境和社會的更多訊息,來強化人工智慧收集和分析人類生活軌跡的能力。 架構 物聯網系統很可能是一個事件驅動的架構,由下而上進行構建,並囊括各種子系統。因此,模型驅動和功能驅動的方式將會共存,系統能夠較容易地加入新的節點,並能夠處理意外(Multi-agent systems, B-ADSc, etc.). 在物聯網中,一個事件訊息很可能不是一個預先被決定的,有確定句法結構的消息,而是一種能夠自我表達的內容,例如語義網 。相應地,訊息也不必要有著確定的協議來規範所有可能的內容,因為不可能存在一個「終極的規範」能夠預測所有的訊息內容。那種自上而下進行的標準化是靜態的,無法適應網路動態的演化,因而也是不切實際的。在物聯網上的訊息應該是能夠自我解釋的,順應一些標準,同時也能夠演化那種標準。 子系統 物聯網中並不是所有節點都必須運行在全球層面上,比如TCP/IP層。舉例來講,很多末端感測器和執行器沒有運行TCP/IP協議棧的能力,它們通過ZigBee、現場匯流排等方式接入。這些設備通常也只有有限的地址翻譯能力和訊息解析能力,為了將這些設備接入物聯網,需要某種代理設備和程序實現以下功能:在子網中用「當地語言」與設備通信;將「當地語言」和上層網路語言互譯;補足設備欠缺的接入能力。因此該類代理設備也是物聯網硬體的重要組成之一。 此外,出於安全考量,家庭、辦公室、工廠等環境可能採用一個自治的物聯網子網,有限制地與全球網互連。 定位技術 陳豊贊科技公司於2013年ESR2014技術大會正初步研發定位技術。 M2M Machine To Machine, 以雙方或是所遵循的共通標準,以訊息文字進行互動的一種機制。 與網際網路關係 物聯網的核心和基礎仍將是網際網路。但網際網路需要一系列技術升級才能滿足物聯網的需求,例如IPv6、Web_3.0。 發展動態 中國大陸 物聯網感測器產品已率先應用在上海浦東國際機場防入侵系統中。系統鋪設了3萬多個感測節點,覆蓋了地面、柵欄和低空探測,可以防止人員的翻越、偷渡、恐怖襲擊等攻擊性入侵。上海世博會向中科院無錫高新微納感測網工程技術研發中心採購了一系列微納感測器產品。濟南園博園園區所有的功能性照明都採用了ZigBee無線技術達成的無線路燈控制。但以上應用缺乏對全網的開放性,訊息交換參照預先規定的封閉協議,而不是語義式的可擴展協議,因而稱為物聯網子網更為合適。 |
物聯網是網際網路的新應用
物聯網(Internet of Things, IoT)其實是互聯網(Internet)的延伸應用,互聯網是人與人、人與機器、機器與機器互相連結的技術;而物聯網則把物品也拉進來,所以其字面上就是物品的互聯網,簡稱物聯網,把物品拉進來是透過互聯網,我們讓人與人溝通,也可讓人與機器溝通,溝通基礎在於人與人有共同的語言、溝通的方法(口述、MSN、eMail...);人與機器間則有溝通的指令(Ctrl-C、Enter…)與標準的資料傳送格式(數位、類比訊號),但物品本身沒有發送訊號與解讀指令的能力,若要讓物品具備這樣的能力,我們就要依賴各種感測裝置來協助。 物聯網的定義:透過無線射頻識別(RFID)、傳感裝置(Sensor)、全球定位系統(GPS)等資訊感應設備,依規範好的協定,將任何物品與互聯網串接,進行資訊交換和通訊,實現智慧化識別、定位、跟蹤、監控和情境管理的一種網路。 物品本身並不會說話,讓他說話的是裝在裏頭的裝置(如:RFID Tag),透過Reader、Sensor來讀取這些感應設備的資訊,進而讓物品告知我們他目前的資訊,而我們要這些物品提供什麼樣的資訊呢?我們可以從下圖得出一個大概,一個物品大致上會有Time(在何時)、Place(在何處)、Thing(與何人、何物)三個面向的資訊,由此擷取出我們所想要的資訊。 所以當物聯網真的被實現時,我們便可以如下圖一般,將人、機器與物品做了完整的連結,若有人想要知道她的貓現在的所在地,透過物聯網;若房子的車庫感應到車子已經開到車庫前,就直接將車庫門打開,各類資訊都可在物聯網上大量的流通,所以未來我們周遭會存在一大堆感測裝置,將資訊同步到物聯網上,而物聯網的效益也會真正的被呈現。 物聯網有多夯可從幾個世界大國的舉動就可以略知,中國的感知中國(無錫為物聯網之都)、美國的智慧地球、歐盟的物聯網行動與日本的i-Japan其實都與物聯網息息相關,物聯網是繼雲端運算後,另一個火熱的議題。 資訊科技進步迅速,物聯網發展是趨勢,但在物聯網成熟前還有許多困難有待克服。 |
物聯網未來的發展方向
(1) 未來可提供之新服務 日本對於未來物聯網社會的發展情境,侷限在某些領域上,缺乏對新應用有大膽的預測或有創新思維,這確實與日本在相關領域的創新能力不足有關。目前從物聯網工作小組,期望實現物聯網社會的新服務,包含: (1) 對資訊家電等產品的新服務(如遠距維修等)。 (2) 由感測網路裝設產生的新服務(即時、廣範圍到指定點的資訊回饋)。 (3) 由 RFID 與感測網路應用產生的服務(進一步增進企業效率)等。 (2) 未來主要社會應用 物聯網工作小組預期之社會應用主要有下列數項: (a) 遠端維修 過去日本家電業曾發生過冬季用煤油暖爐在傾倒後,無法立即關閉出油口造成火災,以及 NB 電池起火等重大意外事件,另外在產品回收上也績效不彰;若加上物聯網功能,使得業者可以透過有線及無線感測網路,得知產品型號、製作日期、維修與否等資訊,大幅提升業者的產品維修能力,避免信譽受損。 (b) 醫療福祉 應用在區域醫療系統諸如醫院遠距醫療用影視診療系統、病歷檢索交換、藥局連線等。應用在居家照護系統諸如緊急通報系統、與照護終端連線、無線移動通訊網路等。醫療相關系統發展一直是日本的政策重點,未來希望能加強在病歷等醫療資訊交換、遠端診療儀器的控制、遠距照護與相互溝通等;另外如血壓、脈搏、體溫等個人量測資訊的傳送,盡量做到即時、簡單、自動回饋與正確的要求。 (c) 天然環境監控 應用在天候與環境監控,包含對溫濕度及雨量等的監控與回報。應用在居家/大樓環境包含對大樓空調、照明、節能、電梯、安全、資材管理等的監控,特點在於從過去廣區域天氣資訊到小地區範圍資訊的蒐集、分析與回饋。 (d) 災害因應系統 主要應用包含監控攝影機/感測系統與消防機構連線,功能包含災害資訊蒐集、分析與提供等;另外包含與醫院、救護車連繫,緊急通報與支援等。 (e) 交通監控與物流管控系統 應用在交通監控系統,包含道路交通流量監控系統、交通資訊分析回饋、警局連線等。應用在物流管控系統上,包含生產履歷、銷售紀錄、庫存紀錄、物流監控等。 (f) 各式環境支援 應用在工廠管理,包含有害氣體、溫室氣體、工廠與污水流放等監控,機器設備稼動狀況與控制等。應用在農作環境支援上,包含局部地區的溫濕度等環境資訊蒐集、分析與回饋等支援活動。 (g) 生活娛樂系統 應用在家庭/家電監控包含預錄節目、冰箱內藏顯示、空調、觀察老人小孩模樣等。應用在安全監控上,包含監控攝影、防止犯罪、老人小孩安全等方面。小孩安全等方面。 (3) 各扮演角色與功能 目前對於基礎網路環境、應用與服務、終端設備要如何連接,各扮演何種角色,有何種新服務提供等,都需要進一步測試,並利用商業化模式加以驗證。各項服務須提供何種功能,如終端產品對服務業者應具備何種功能;ISP 業者對於資訊家電業或其他業者的期待為何,都須進一步釐清。 |
與美女一同零距離接觸海爾物聯網空調
一條彩信,知曉家中一切。如果家裏有人闖入或是想隨時了解家中的情況,只需一個彩信,我們就可輕鬆知曉。這不單單是一種理論上的想法,在現如今的生活中,我們就可以實現。在忙碌的社會生活中,家中的事也希望能夠隨時掌控,而海爾空調就根據這部分人群的消費需求,推出了具有安防、遠程監控、自動檢測維修等多功能及予一身的“物聯網空調”。 物聯網空調在外觀和功能上究竟有著怎樣的整體表現?它是如何通過一個短信來實現及時監控?萬維家電網帶領大家和美女一起零距離接觸海爾物聯網空調。 |
Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid. Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that utilize wifi for remote monitoring. According to Gartner, there will be nearly 26 billion devices on the Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research estimates that more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to the Internet of Things (Internet of Everything) by 2020. As per a recent survey and study done by Pew Research Internet Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who responded—83 percent—agreed with the notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems) will have widespread and beneficial effects by 2025. It is, as such, clear that the IoT will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the Internet. Integration with the Internet implies that devices will utilize an IP address as a unique identifier. However, due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely large address space required. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the Internet). To a large extent, the future of the Internet of Things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; and consequently the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future. The embedded computing nature of many IoT devices means that low-cost computing platforms are likely to be used. In fact, to minimize the impact of such devices on the environment and energy consumption, low-power radios are likely to be used for connection to the Internet. Such low-power radios do not use WiFi, or well established Cellular Network technologies, and remain an actively developing research area. However, the IoT will not be composed only of embedded devices, since higher order computing devices will be needed to perform heavier duty tasks (routing, switching, data processing, etc.). Companies such as FreeWave Technologies have developed and manufactured low power wireless data radios (both embedded and standalone) for over 20 years to enable Machine-to-Machine applications for the industrial internet of things. Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated and very high-velocity, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process such data. Diverse applications call for different deployment scenarios and requirement, which have usually been handled in a proprietary implementation. However, since the IoT is connected to the Internet, most of the devices comprising IoT services will need to operate utilizing standardized technologies. Prominent standardization bodies, such as the IETF, IPSO Alliance and ETSI, are working on developing protocols, systems, architectures and frameworks to enable the IoT. |
Applications
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field. Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories, thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning. On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone. Additional examples of sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity and energy management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation systems. However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these areas. Other specialized use cases of the IoT may also exist. An overview of some of the most prominent application areas is provided here. Environmental Monitoring Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically utilize sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats. Development of resource constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area and can also be mobile. Infrastructure Management Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a key application of the IoT.[44] The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be utilized for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management stand to benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT. Industrial Applications Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm on industrial applications and smart manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together. Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT. But it also extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize reliability. Smart industrial management systems can also be integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors. Energy Management Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to communicate with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation and supply. Such devices would also offer the opportunity for users to remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, and enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric outlets are already available in the market, e.g., Belkin's WeMo, Ambery Remote Power Switch, etc. Besides home based energy management, the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid since it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an automated fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Using Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation devices like transformers and reclosers. Medical and Healthcare Systems IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers or advanced hearing aids. Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. Building and Home Automation IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential).[14] Home automation systems, like other building automation systems, are typically used to control lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, communication systems, entertainment and home security devices to improve convenience, comfort, energy efficiency, and security. Transport Systems The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems, i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user. Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance. Large Scale Deployments There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully equipped and wired smart city, is near completion. Nearly everything in this city is planned to be wired, connected and turned into a constant stream of data that would be monitored and analyzed by an array of computers with little, or no human intervention.[citation needed] Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180000 inhabitants, has already seen 18000 city application downloads for their smartphones. This application is connected to 10000 sensors that enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda among others. City context information is utilized in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification. Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California;[58] and smart traffic management in western Singapore. Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in New York City to connect all their vessels and being able to monitor them live 24/7. The network was designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago based company developing wireless networks for mission critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on the Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the wireless network in place, NY Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a way that was not previously possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage, public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and much more. Unique addressability of things The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and unique identification through the Electronic Product Code however this has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralized servers acting for their human owners. The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) would be able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human-made objects because of the extremely large address space of the IPv6 protocol. This system would therefore be able to scale to the large numbers of objects envisaged. A combination of these ideas can be found in the current GS1/EPCglobal EPC Information Services (EPCIS) specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries ranging from aerospace to fast moving consumer products and transportation logistics. |